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A while ago I was playing around with the JavaScript package D3.js, and I began with this visualization—that I never really finished—of how a one-way ANOVA is calculated. I wanted to make the visualization interactive, and I did integrate some interactive elements. For instance, if you hover over a data point it will show the residual, and its value will be highlighted in the combined computation. The circle diagram show the partitioning of the sums of squares, and if you hover a part it will show from where the variation is coming. I tried to make the plots look like plots from the R-package ggplot2.

These plots are not designed to work on mobile phones.

## Let’s check the calculations in R

To se if this works, let’s compute the ANOVA as I have described it here.

 1 2 3 4 # data grp1 <- c(1,2,3,4) grp2 <- c(5,6,7,8) grp3 <- c(9,10,11,12) 
 1 2 3 # total SS total_SS <- sum((c(grp1, grp2, grp3) - mean(c(grp1, grp2, grp3)))^2) total_SS 
 1 [1] 143 
 1 2 3 # within groups SS within_SS <- sum((c(grp1 - mean(grp1), grp2 - mean(grp2), grp3 - mean(grp3)))^2) within_SS 
 1 2 3 # within groups SS within_SS <- sum((c(grp1 - mean(grp1), grp2 - mean(grp2), grp3 - mean(grp3)))^2) within_SS 
 1 [1] 15 
 1 2 3 # between groups between_SS <- 4*(sum((c(mean(grp1), mean(grp2), mean(grp3))^2 - mean(df$y)^2))) between_SS   1 [1] 128   1 2 3 4 # check calculation between_SS + within_SS == total_SS [1] TRUE  We see that total_SS, between_SS and within_SS are identical to what is shown above in the visualization.  1 2 3 4 df1 <- 3-1 # number of groups - 1 df2 <- 12 - 3 # N - number of groups F <- (between_SS/df1) / (within_SS/df2) F   1 [1] 38.4   1 1-pf(F, df1, df2) # p-value   1 [1] 3.921015e-05  Let's compare this to anova()  1 2 3 df <- data.frame(y=c(grp1,grp2,grp3)) df$group <- gl(3,4) anova(lm(y ~ group, df)) 
Analysis of Variance Table

Response: y
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value    Pr(>F)
group      2    128  64.000    38.4 3.921e-05 ***
Residuals  9     15   1.667
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1


We have identical results.