# Simple maths of a fairer USS deal

March 16, 2018
By

(This article was first published on R – Let's Look at the Figures, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

This will be my last post for a while (I promise!).  After today I’ll be taking a rest from all this, until at least the start of April.  Hopefully all this USS stuff will be resolved by then, though!

In yesterday’s post I showed a graph, followed by some comments to suggest that future USS proposals with a flatter (or even increasing) “percent lost” curve would be fairer (and, as I argued earlier in my Robin Hood post, more affordable at the same time).

It’s now clear to me that my suggestion seemed a bit cryptic to many (maybe most!) who read it yesterday.  So here I will try to show more specifically how to achieve a flat curve.  (This is not because I think flat is optimal.  It’s mainly because it’s easy to explain.  As already mentioned, it might not be a bad idea if the curve was actually to increase a bit as salary levels increase; that would allow those with higher salaries to feel happy that they are doing their bit towards the sustainable future of USS.)

## Flattening the curve

The graph below is the same as yesterday’s but with a flat (blue, dashed) line drawn at the level of 4% lost across all salary levels.

I drew the line at 4% here just as an example, to illustrate the calculation.  The actual level needed — i.e, the “affordable” level for universities —  would need to be determined by negotiation; but the maths is essentially the same, whatever the level (within reason).

Let’s suppose we want to adjust the USS contribution and benefits parameters to achieve just such a flat “percent lost” curve, at the 4% level.  How is that done?

I will assume here the same adjustable parameters that UUK and UCU appear to have in mind, namely:

• employee contribution rate E (as percentage of salary — currently 8; was 8.7 in the 12 March proposal; was 8 in the January proposal)
• threshold salary T, over which defined benefit (DB) pension entitlement ceases (which is currently £55.55k; was £42k in the 12 March proposal; and was £0 in the January proposal)
• accrual rate A, in the DB pension.  Expressed here in percentage points (currently 100/75; was 100/85 in the 12 March proposal; and not relevant to the January proposal).
• employer contribution rate (%) to the defined contribution (DC) part of USS pension.  Let’s allow different rates $C_1$ and $C_2$ for, respectively, salaries between T and £55.55k, and salaries over £55.55k. (Currently $C_1$ is irrelevant, and $C_2$ is 13 (max); these were both set at 12 in the 12th March proposal; and were both 13.25 in the January proposal.)

I will assume also, as all the recent proposals do, that the 1% USS match possibility is lost to all members.

Then, to get to 4% lost across the board, we need simply to solve the following linear equations.  (To see where these came from, please see this earlier post.)

For salary up to T:

$(E - 8) + 19(100/75 - A) + 1] = 4.$

For salary between T and £55.55k:

$-8 + 19(100/75) - C_1 + 1 = 4.$

For salary over £55.55k:

$13 - C_2 = 4.$

Solving those last two equations is simple, and results in

$C_1 = 14.33, \qquad C_2 = 9.$

The first equation above clearly allows more freedom: it’s just one equation, with two unknowns, so there are many solutions available.  Three example solutions, still based the illustrative 4% loss level across all salary levels, are:

$E=8, \qquad A = 1.175 = 100/85.1$

$E = 8.7, \qquad A = 1.21 = 100/82.6$

$E = 11, \qquad A = 100/75.$

At the end here I’ll give code in R to do the above calculation quite generally, i.e., for any desired percentage loss level.  First let me just make a few remarks relating to all this.

## Remarks

### Choice of threshold

Note that the value of T does not enter into the above calculation.  Clearly there will be (negotiable) interplay between T and the required percentage loss, though, for a given level of affordability.

### Choice of $C_2$$C_2$

Much depends on the value of $C_2$.

The calculation above gives the value of $C_2$ needed for a flat “percent lost” curve, at any given level for the percent lost (which was 4% in the example above).

To achieve an increasing “percent lost” curve, we could simply reduce the value of $C_2$ further than the answer given by the above calculation.  Alternatively, as suggested in my earlier Robin Hood post, USS could apply a lower value of $C_2$ only for salaries above some higher threshold — i.e., in much the same spirit as progressive taxation of income.

Just as with income tax, it would be important not to set $C_2$ too small, otherwise the highest-paid members would quite likely want to leave USS.  There is clearly a delicate balance to be struck, at the top end of the salary spectrum.

But it is clear that if the higher-paid were to sacrifice at least as much as everyone else, in proportion to their salary, then that would allow the overall level of “percent lost” to be appreciably reduced, which would benefit the vast majority of USS members.

### Determination of the overall “percent lost”

Everything written here constitutes a methodology to help with finding a good solution.  As mentioned at the top here, the actual solution — and in particular, the actual level of USS member pain (if any) deemed to be necessary to keep USS afloat — will be a matter for negotiation.  The maths here can help inform that negotiation, though.

## Code for solving the above equations

## Function to compute the USS parameters needed for a
## flat "percent lost" curve
##
## Function arguments are:
## loss: in percentage points, the constant loss desired
## E: employee contribution, in percentage points
## A: the DB accrual rate
##
## Exactly one of E and A must be specified (ie, not NULL).
##
## Example calls:
## flatcurve(4.0, A = 100/75)
## flatcurve(2.0, E = 10.5)
## flatcurve(1.0, A = 100/75)  # status quo, just 1% "match" lost

flatcurve <- function(loss, E = NULL, A = NULL){

if (is.null(E) && is.null(A)) {
stop("E and A can't both be NULL")}
if (!is.null(E) && !is.null(A)) {
stop("one of {E, A} must be NULL")}

c1 <- 19 * (100/75) - (7 + loss)
c2 <- 13 - loss

if (is.null(E)) {
E <- 7 + loss - (19 * (100/75 - A))
}

if (is.null(A)) {
A <- (E - 7 - loss + (19 * 100/75)) / 19
}

return(list(loss_percent = loss,
employee_contribution_percent = E,
accrual_reciprocal = 100/A,
DC_employer_rate_below_55.55k = c1,
DC_employer_rate_above_55.55k = c2))
}

The above function will run in base R.

Here are three examples of its use (copied from an interactive session in R):

###  Specify 4% loss level,
###  still using the current USS DB accrual rate

> flatcurve(4.0, A = 100/75)
$loss_percent [1] 4$employee_contribution_percent
[1] 11

$accrual_reciprocal [1] 75$DC_employer_rate_below_55.55k
[1] 14.33333

$DC_employer_rate_above_55.55k [1] 9 #------------------------------------------------------------ ### This time for a smaller (2%) loss, ### with specified employee contribution > flatcurve(2.0, E = 10.5)$loss_percent
[1] 2

$employee_contribution_percent [1] 10.5$accrual_reciprocal
[1] 70.80745

$DC_employer_rate_below_55.55k [1] 16.33333$DC_employer_rate_above_55.55k
[1] 11

#------------------------------------------------------------
### Finally, my personal favourite:
### --- status quo with just the "match" lost

> flatcurve(1, A = 100/75)
$loss_percent [1] 1$employee_contribution_percent
[1] 8

$accrual_reciprocal [1] 75$DC_employer_rate_below_55.55k
[1] 17.33333

\$DC_employer_rate_above_55.55k
[1] 12

To cite this entry:
Firth, D (2018). Simple maths of a fairer USS deal. Weblog entry at URL https://statgeek.net/2018/03/16/simple-maths-of-a-fairer-uss-deal/

R-bloggers.com offers daily e-mail updates about R news and tutorials on topics such as: Data science, Big Data, R jobs, visualization (ggplot2, Boxplots, maps, animation), programming (RStudio, Sweave, LaTeX, SQL, Eclipse, git, hadoop, Web Scraping) statistics (regression, PCA, time series, trading) and more...