# Computing and visualizing PCA in R

November 28, 2013
By

(This article was first published on Thiago G. Martins » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

Following my introduction to PCA, I will demonstrate how to apply and visualize PCA in R. There are many packages and functions that can apply PCA in R. In this post I will use the function `prcomp` from the `stats` package. I will also show how to visualize PCA in R using Base R graphics. However, my favorite visualization function for PCA is `ggbiplot`, which is implemented by Vince Q. Vu and available on github. Please, let me know if you have better ways to visualize PCA in R.

Computing the Principal Components (PC)

I will use the classical `iris` dataset for the demonstration. The data contain four continuous variables which corresponds to physical measures of flowers and a categorical variable describing the flowers’ species.

```# Load data
data(iris)

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
```

We will apply PCA to the four continuous variables and use the categorical variable to visualize the PCs later. Notice that in the following code we apply a log transformation to the continuous variables as suggested by [1] and set `center` and `scale.` equal to `TRUE` in the call to `prcomp` to standardize the variables prior to the application of PCA:

```# log transform
log.ir <- log(iris[, 1:4])
ir.species <- iris[, 5]

# apply PCA - scale. = TRUE is highly
# advisable, but default is FALSE.
ir.pca <- prcomp(log.ir,
center = TRUE,
scale. = TRUE)
```

Since skewness and the magnitude of the variables influence the resulting PCs, it is good practice to apply skewness transformation, center and scale the variables prior to the application of PCA. In the example above, we applied a log transformation to the variables but we could have been more general and applied a Box and Cox transformation [2]. See at the end of this post how to perform all those transformations and then apply PCA with only one call to the `preProcess` function of the `caret` package.

Analyzing the results

The `prcomp` function returns an object of class `prcomp`, which have some methods available. The `print` method returns the standard deviation of each of the four PCs, and their rotation (or loadings), which are the coefficients of the linear combinations of the continuous variables.

```# print method
print(ir.pca)

Standard deviations:
[1] 1.7124583 0.9523797 0.3647029 0.1656840

Rotation:
PC1         PC2        PC3         PC4
Sepal.Length  0.5038236 -0.45499872  0.7088547  0.19147575
Sepal.Width  -0.3023682 -0.88914419 -0.3311628 -0.09125405
Petal.Length  0.5767881 -0.03378802 -0.2192793 -0.78618732
Petal.Width   0.5674952 -0.03545628 -0.5829003  0.58044745
```

The `plot` method returns a plot of the variances (y-axis) associated with the PCs (x-axis). The Figure below is useful to decide how many PCs to retain for further analysis. In this simple case with only 4 PCs this is not a hard task and we can see that the first two PCs explain most of the variability in the data.

```# plot method
plot(ir.pca, type = "l")
```

The `summary` method describe the importance of the PCs. The first row describe again the standard deviation associated with each PC. The second row shows the proportion of the variance in the data explained by each component while the third row describe the cumulative proportion of explained variance. We can see there that the first two PCs accounts for more than ${95\%}$ of the variance of the data.

```# summary method
summary(ir.pca)

Importance of components:
PC1    PC2     PC3     PC4
Standard deviation     1.7125 0.9524 0.36470 0.16568
Proportion of Variance 0.7331 0.2268 0.03325 0.00686
Cumulative Proportion  0.7331 0.9599 0.99314 1.00000
```

We can use the `predict` function if we observe new data and want to predict their PCs values. Just for illustration pretend the last two rows of the `iris` data has just arrived and we want to see what is their PCs values:

```# Predict PCs
predict(ir.pca,
newdata=tail(log.ir, 2))

PC1         PC2        PC3         PC4
149 1.0809930 -1.01155751 -0.7082289 -0.06811063
150 0.9712116 -0.06158655 -0.5008674 -0.12411524
```

The Figure below is a biplot generated by the function `ggbiplot` of the `ggbiplot` package available on github.

The code to generate this Figure is given by

```library(devtools)
install_github("ggbiplot", "vqv")

library(ggbiplot)
g <- ggbiplot(ir.pca, obs.scale = 1, var.scale = 1,
groups = ir.species, ellipse = TRUE,
circle = TRUE)
g <- g + scale_color_discrete(name = '')
g <- g + theme(legend.direction = 'horizontal',
legend.position = 'top')
print(g)
```

It projects the data on the first two PCs. Other PCs can be chosen through the argument `choices` of the function. It colors each point according to the flowers’ species and draws a Normal contour line with `ellipse.prob` probability (default to ${68\%}$) for each group. More info about `ggbiplot` can be obtained by the usual `?ggbiplot`. I think you will agree that the plot produced by `ggbiplot` is much better than the one produced by `biplot(ir.pca)` (Figure below).

I also like to plot each variables coefficients inside a unit circle to get insight on a possible interpretation for PCs. Figure 4 was generated by this code available on gist.

PCA on caret package

As I mentioned before, it is possible to first apply a Box-Cox transformation to correct for skewness, center and scale each variable and then apply PCA in one call to the `preProcess` function of the `caret` package.

```require(caret)
trans = preProcess(iris[,1:4],
method=c("BoxCox", "center",
"scale", "pca"))
PC = predict(trans, iris[,1:4])
```

By default, the function keeps only the PCs that are necessary to explain at least 95% of the variability in the data, but this can be changed through the argument `thresh`.

```# Retained PCs

PC1        PC2
1 -2.303540 -0.4748260
2 -2.151310  0.6482903
3 -2.461341  0.3463921

trans\$rotation

PC1         PC2
Sepal.Length  0.5202351 -0.38632246
Sepal.Width  -0.2720448 -0.92031253
Petal.Length  0.5775402 -0.04885509
Petal.Width   0.5672693 -0.03732262
```

See Unsupervised data pre-processing for predictive modeling for an introduction of the `preProcess` function.

References:

[1] Venables, W. N., Brian D. R. Modern applied statistics with S-PLUS. Springer-verlag. (Section 11.1)
[2] Box, G. and Cox, D. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 211-252

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