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I keep trying to write R code like it was C code. It is a habit I’m trying to break myself of.

For example, the other day I need to construct a model matrix of 1′s and 0′s in the standard, counting in binary, pattern. My solution was:
 n <- 8 powers <- 2^(0:(n-1)) NN <- (max(powers)*2) designMatrix <- matrix( NA, nrow=NN, ncol=n) for( ii in 0:(NN-1) ) { leftOver <- ii for ( jj in 1:n ) { largest <- rev(powers)[jj] if ( leftOver != 0 && largest <= leftOver ) { designMatrix[ii+1,jj] <- 1 leftOver <- leftOver - largest } else { designMatrix[ii+1,jj] <- 0 } } } print(designMatrix) 

The code works, but it is a low-level re-implementation of something that already exists in base R. R is not C, because base R has pieces that implement statistical ideas for you. Consider:
 expand.grid package:base R Documentation Create a Data Frame from All Combinations of Factors Description: Create a data frame from all combinations of the supplied vectors or factors. See the description of the return value for precise details of the way this is done. 

So then instead of writing (and debugging!) a function to make a binary model matrix, I could have simply used a one-liner:
 # Note that c(0,1) is encased in list() so that # rep(..., n) will repeat the object c(0,1) n # times instead of its default behavior of # concatenating the c(0,1) objects. designMatrix_R <- as.matrix( expand.grid( rep( list(c(0,1) ), n) ) ) 

I like it. It is both shorter and easier to debug. Now I just need to figure out how to find these base R functions before I throw up my hands and re-implement them in C.