Exchangeability is an extremely concept, since (most of the time) analytical expressions can be derived. But it can also be used to observe some unexpected behaviors, that we will discuss later on with a more general setting. For instance, in a old post, I discussed connexions between correlation and risk measures (using simulations to illustrate, but in the context of exchangeable risk, calculations can be performed more accurately). Consider again the standard credit risk problem, where the quantity of interest is the number of defaults in a portfolio. Consider an homogeneous portfolio of exchangeable risk. The quantity of interest is here
or perhaps the quantile function of the sum (since the Value-at-Risk is the standard risk measure). We have seen yesterday that - given the latent factor - 
(either the company defaults, or not), so that
i.e. we can derive the (unconditional) distribution of the sum
so that the probability function of the sum is, assuming that 
> proba=function(s,a,m,n){ + b=a/m-a + choose(n,s)*integrate(function(t){t^s*(1-t)^(n-s)* + dbeta(t,a,b)},lower=0,upper=1,subdivisions=1000, + stop.on.error = FALSE)$value + } > QUANTILE=function(p=.99,a=2,m=.1,n=500){ + V=rep(NA,n+1) + for(i in 0:n){ + V[i+1]=proba(i,a,m,n)} + V=V/sum(V) + return(min(which(cumsum(V)>p))) }
> PICTURE=function(P){ + A=seq(.01,2,by=.01) + VQ=matrix(NA,length(A),5) + for(i in 1:length(A)){ + VQ[i,1]=QUANTILE(a=A[i],p=.9,m=P) + VQ[i,2]=QUANTILE(a=A[i],p=.95,m=P) + VQ[i,3]=QUANTILE(a=A[i],p=.975,m=P) + VQ[i,4]=QUANTILE(a=A[i],p=.99,m=P) + VQ[i,5]=QUANTILE(a=A[i],p=.995,m=P) + } + plot(A,VQ[,5],type="s",col="red",ylim= + c(0,max(VQ)),xlab="",ylab="") + lines(A,VQ[,4],type="s",col="blue") + lines(A,VQ[,3],type="s",col="black") + lines(A,VQ[,2],type="s",col="blue",lty=2) + lines(A,VQ[,1],type="s",col="red",lty=2) + lines(A,rep(500*P,length(A)),col="grey") + legend(3,max(VQ),c("quantile 99.5%","quantile 99%", + "quantile 97.5%","quantile 95%","quantile 90%","mean"), + col=c("red","blue","black", +"blue","red","grey"), + lty=c(1,1,1,2,2,1),border=n) +}
> PICTURE(.15)
Which is quite intuitive, somehow. But if the marginal probability of default decreases, increasing the correlation might decrease the risk (i.e. the quantile function),
> PICTURE(.05)
(with the modified code to visualize the quantile as a function of the underlying default correlation) or even worse,
> PICTURE(.0075)
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Zero Inflated Models and Generalized Linear Mixed Models with R.
Zuur, Saveliev, Ieno (2012).
