# Le Monde puzzle [48]

December 1, 2010
By

(This article was first published on Xi'an's Og » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

This week(end), the Le Monde puzzle can be (re)written as follows (even though it is presented as a graph problem):

Given a square 327×327 symmetric matrix A, where each non-diagonal entry is in {1,2,3,4,5} and $text{diag}(A)=0$, does there exist a triplet (i,j,k) such that

$a_{ij} = a_{jk} = a_{ki}$

Solving this problem in R is very easy. We can create a random matrix A and check whether or not any of the five triple indicator matrices

$(A==c)^3,,qquad c=1,ldots,5,$

has a non-zero diagonal entry. Indeed, since $B=A^3$ satisfies

$b_{uu} = sum_{v,w} a_{uv}a_{vw}a_{wu}$

there is a non-zero entry iff there exists a triplet (u,v,w) such that the product $a_{uv}a_{vw}a_{wu}$ is different from zero. Here is the R code:

```chec=1
for (mc in 1:10^3){

#random filled matrix
A=matrix(sample(1:5,(357)^2,rep=TRUE),357)
A=A*upper.tri(A)+t(A*upper.tri(A))

agr=0
for (t in 1:5){
B=(A==t)
agr=max(agr,max(diag(B%*%B%*%B)>0))
if (agr==1){ break()}
}

chec=min(chec,agr)
if (chec==0){ break()}
}
```

I did run the above and did not find any case where no triplet was sharing the same number. Neither did I for 326. But Robin Ryder told me that this is a well-known problem in graph theory that goes under the name of Ramsey’s problem and that 327 is an upper bound on the number of nodes for the existence of the triplet with 5 colours. So this is another illustration of a case when crude simulation cannot exhibit limiting cases in order to void a general property, because of the number of possible cases.

Incidentally, I wonder if there is a faster way to produce a random symmetric matrix than the cumbersome

```A=matrix(sample(1:5,(357)^2,rep=TRUE,357)
A=A*upper.tri(A)+t(A*upper.tri(A))
```

Using the alternative saving on the lower triangular part

```A=matrix(sample(1:5,(357)^2,rep=TRUE,357)
A[upper.tri(A)]=sample(1:5,357*178,rep=TRUE)
A=A*upper.tri(A)+t(A*upper.tri(A))
```

certainly takes longer…

Filed under: R, Statistics Tagged: graph, graphs, Le Monde, mathematical puzzle, R

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