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In the previous post https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/07/29/co-integration-and-pairs-trading, it was shown how to identify two co-integrated stocks in the pair trade. In the example below, I will show how to form a mean reverting portfolio with three or more stocks, e.g. stocks with co-integration, and also how to find the linear combination that is stationary for these stocks.

First of all, we downloaded series of three stock prices from finance.yahoo.com.

### GET DATA FROM YAHOO FINANCE
quantmod::getSymbols("FITB", from = "2010-01-01")
FITB <- get("FITB")[, 6]
quantmod::getSymbols("MTB", from = "2010-01-01")
MTB <- get("MTB")[, 6]
quantmod::getSymbols("BAC", from = "2010-01-01")
BAC <- get("BAC")[, 6]


For the residual-based co-integration test, we can utilize the Pu statistic in the Phillips-Ouliaris test to identify the co-integration among three stocks. As shown below, the null hypothesis of no co-integration is rejected, indicating that these three stocks are co-integrated and therefore form a mean reverting portfolio. Also, the test regression to derive the residual for the statistical test is also given.

k <- trunc(4 + (length(FITB) / 100) ^ 0.25)
po.test <- urca::ca.po(cbind(FITB, MTB, BAC), demean = "constant", lag = "short", type = "Pu")
#Value of test-statistic is: 62.7037
#Critical values of Pu are:
#                  10pct    5pct    1pct
#critical values 33.6955 40.5252 53.8731

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#                     Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(|t|)
#(Intercept)         -1.097465   0.068588  -16.00   <2e-16 ***
#z[, -1]MTB.Adjusted  0.152637   0.001487  102.64   <2e-16 ***
#z[, -1]BAC.Adjusted  0.140457   0.007930   17.71   <2e-16 ***


Based on the test regression output, a linear combination can be derived by [FITB + 1.097465 – 0.152637 * MTB – 0.140457 * BAC]. The ADF test result confirms that the linear combination of these three stocks are indeed stationary.

ts1 <- FITB + 1.097465 - 0.152637 * MTB - 0.140457 * BAC
#Dickey-Fuller = -4.1695, Lag order = 6, p-value = 0.01


Alternatively, we can also utilize the Johansen test that is based upon the likelihood ratio to identify the co-integration. While the null hypothesis of no co-integration (r = 0) is rejected, the null hypothesis of r <= 1 suggests that there exists a co-integration equation at the 5% significance level.

js.test <- urca::ca.jo(cbind(FITB, MTB, BAC), type = "trace", K = k, spec = "longrun", ecdet = "const")
#          test 10pct  5pct  1pct
#r <= 2 |  3.26  7.52  9.24 12.97
#r <= 1 | 19.72 17.85 19.96 24.60
#r = 0  | 45.88 32.00 34.91 41.07

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#constant                0.6216917       17.844653      -20.329085  6.8713179


Similarly, based on the above Eigenvectors, a linear combination can be derived by [FITB + 0.6216917 – 0.1398349 * MTB – 0.1916826 * BAC]. The ADF test result also confirms that the linear combination of these three stocks are stationary.

ts2 <- FITB + 0.6216917 - 0.1398349 * MTB - 0.1916826 * BAC