##preparing data input.
x <- read.table("ex3x.dat", header=F)
y <- read.table("ex3y.dat", header=F)
 
#normalize features using Z-score.
x[,1] <- (x[,1] - mean(x[,1]))/sd(x[,1])
x[,2] <- (x[,2] - mean(x[,2]))/sd(x[,2])
 
x <- cbind(x0=rep(1, nrow(x)), x)
x <- as.matrix(x)
 
##gradient descent algorithm.
gradDescent_internal <- function(theta, x, y, m, alpha) {
  h <- sapply(1:nrow(x), function(i) t(theta) %*% x[i,])
	j <- t(h-y) %*% x
	grad <- 1/m * j
  theta <- t(theta) - alpha * grad 
	theta <- t(theta)
  return(theta)
}
 
## cost function.
J <- function(theta, x, y, m) {
  h <- sapply(1:nrow(x), function(i) t(theta) %*% x[i,])
  j <- 2*sum((h-y)^2)/m
  return(j)
}
 
## calculate cost function J for every iteration at specific alpha value.
testLearningRate <- function(x,y, alpha, niter=50) {
  j <- rep(0, niter)
  m <- nrow(x)
  theta <- matrix(rep(0, ncol(x)), ncol=1)
  for (i in 1:niter) {
    theta <- gradDescent_internal(theta,x,y,m, alpha)
    j[i] <- J(theta, x, y, m)
  }  
  return(j)
}
 
 
## test learning rate.
alpha=c(0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1)
xxx=sapply(alpha, testLearningRate, x=x, y=y)
colnames(xxx) <- as.character(alpha)
 
require(ggplot2)
xxx <- melt(xxx)
names(xxx) <- c("niter", "alpha", "J")
p <- ggplot(xxx, aes(x=niter, y=J))
p+geom_line(aes(colour=factor(alpha))) +xlab("Number of iteractions") +ylab("Cost J")