# Pivot Tables and Medians in R

April 16, 2011
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(This article was first published on Psychwire » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

Pivot Tables are a useful way of aggregating data into the format that you’re after. In this example, I’m going to be using R to pivot some data and calculate medians for me. This is useful because Excel can calculate medians (the =MEDIAN(values)) function, but what it can’t do is calculate medians for Pivot Tables. I assume that it can’t do this because calculating the median of large groups of aggregated data can be very computationally intensive, and may take longer than you would expect.

The good news, however, is that R can do this with problems. Say that you have run an experiment and are left with the following:

 participant condition score 1 1 95 1 1 90 1 2 105 1 2 110 2 1 64 2 1 80 2 2 90 etc.

But that’s now what you want – instead, say that you want the following:

 Participant condition_1 condition_2 1 median of score median of score 2 median of score median of score etc.

Here’s the code I used to sort this out:

median_output <- tapply(as.numeric(datafile$score), list(datafile$participant,  datafile\$condition), median)

write.table(median_output, file.choose())

Using file.choose() presents you with a pop-up window asking which file to load in to use as your datafile and also asks you, at the end of the script, where you want to save your pivoted data. At this point, you can call it a text file (e.g., “medians.txt”) and save it to wherever you want.

To Pivot more complex datasets, all you need to do is add more columns from your dataset to the list function. You’ll then get the fully pivoted data out instead.

Don’t forget that you can run this using funcitons other than the median (e.g., mean) – just replace median with whatever you need.

Note finally that I ran as.numeric() on the score column. This was done because, when reading in the raw data, R sometimes assumes that the column is a factor rather than a numeric column. If it’s assumed the wrong thing, you’ll probably get an error saying “Error in tapply…  arguments must have same length”. If this happens, make sure that all of your columns which should be a factor are a factor and all of your columns which should be numeric are numeric.

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