# Open data might be a false good opportunity…

February 7, 2011
By

(This article was first published on Freakonometrics - Tag - R-english, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

I am always surprised to see many people on Twitter tweeting about , e.g. @, @, @, @or @among so many others... Initially, I was also very enthousiastic, but I have to admit that open data are rarely raw data. Which is what I am usually looking for, as a statistician...
Consider the following example: I was wondering (Valentine's day is approaching) when will a man born in 1975 (say) get married - if he ever gets married ? More technically, I was looking for a distribution of the age of first marriage (given the year of birth), including the proportion of men that will never get married, for that specific cohort.
The only data I found on the internet is the following, on statistics.gov.uk/

Note that we can also focus on women (e.g. here). Is it possible to use that open data to get an estimation of the distribution of first marriage for some specific cohort ? (and to answer the question I asked).
Here, we have two dimensions: on line , the year (of the marriage), and on column , the age of the man when he gets married. Assume that those were raw data, i.e. that we have the number of marriages of men of age during the year .
We are interested at a longitudinal lecture of the table, i.e. consider some man born year , we want to estimate (or predict) the age he will get married, if he gets married. With raw data, we can do it... The first step is to build up triangles (to have a cohort vs. age lecture of the data), and then to consider a model, e.g.
where is a year effect, and is a cohort effect.
base=read.table("http://freakonometrics.free.fr/mariage-age-uk.csv",sep=";",header=TRUE)m=base[1:16,]m=m[,3:10]m=as.matrix(m)triangle=matrix(NA,nrow(m),ncol(m))n=ncol(m)for(i in 1:16){triangle[i,]=diag(m[i-1+(1:n),])}triangle[nrow(m),1]=m[nrow(m),1] triangle      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [1,]   12  104  222  247  198  132   51   34 [2,]    8   89  228  257  202  102   75   49 [3,]    4   80  209  247  168  129   92   50 [4,]    4   73  196  236  181  140   88   45 [5,]    3   78  242  206  161  114   68   47 [6,]   11  150  223  199  157  105   73   39 [7,]   12  117  194  183  136   96   61   36 [8,]   11  118  202  175  122   92   62   40 [9,]   15  147  218  162  127   98   72   48[10,]   20  185  204  171  138  112   82   NA[11,]   31  197  240  209  172  138   NA   NA[12,]   34  196  233  202  169   NA   NA   NA[13,]   35  166  210  199   NA   NA   NA   NA[14,]   26  139  210   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA[15,]   18  104   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA[16,]   10   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA   NA Y=as.vector(triangle)YEARS=seq(1918,1993,by=5)AGES=seq(22,57,by=5)X1=rep(YEARS,length(AGES))X2=rep(AGES,each=length(YEARS))reg=glm(Y~as.factor(X1)+as.factor(X2),family="poisson")summary(reg) Call:glm(formula = Y ~ as.factor(X1) + as.factor(X2), family = "poisson") Deviance Residuals:     Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max  -5.4502  -1.1611  -0.0603   1.0471   4.6214   Coefficients:                    Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    (Intercept)        2.8300461  0.0712160  39.739  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X1)1923  0.0099503  0.0446105   0.223 0.823497    as.factor(X1)1928 -0.0212236  0.0449605  -0.472 0.636891    as.factor(X1)1933 -0.0377019  0.0451489  -0.835 0.403686    as.factor(X1)1938 -0.0844692  0.0456962  -1.848 0.064531 .  as.factor(X1)1943 -0.0439519  0.0452209  -0.972 0.331082    as.factor(X1)1948 -0.1803236  0.0468786  -3.847 0.000120 ***as.factor(X1)1953 -0.1960149  0.0470802  -4.163 3.14e-05 ***as.factor(X1)1958 -0.1199103  0.0461237  -2.600 0.009329 ** as.factor(X1)1963 -0.0446620  0.0458508  -0.974 0.330020    as.factor(X1)1968  0.1192561  0.0450437   2.648 0.008107 ** as.factor(X1)1973  0.0985671  0.0472460   2.086 0.036956 *  as.factor(X1)1978  0.0356199  0.0520094   0.685 0.493423    as.factor(X1)1983  0.0004365  0.0617191   0.007 0.994357    as.factor(X1)1988 -0.2191428  0.0981189  -2.233 0.025520 *  as.factor(X1)1993 -0.5274610  0.3241477  -1.627 0.103689    as.factor(X2)27    2.0748202  0.0679193  30.548  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)32    2.5768802  0.0667480  38.606  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)37    2.5350787  0.0671736  37.739  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)42    2.2883203  0.0683441  33.482  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)47    1.9601540  0.0704276  27.832  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)52    1.5216903  0.0745623  20.408  < 2e-16 ***as.factor(X2)57    1.0060665  0.0822708  12.229  < 2e-16 ***---Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1  (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)     Null deviance: 5299.30  on 99  degrees of freedomResidual deviance:  375.53  on 77  degrees of freedom  (28 observations deleted due to missingness)AIC: 1052.1 Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
Here, we have been able to derive and , where now denotes the cohort.
We can now predict the number of marriages per year, and per cohort
Here, given the cohort , the shape of is the following
Yp=predict(reg,type="response")tYp=matrix(Yp,nrow(m),ncol(m))tYp[16,]tYp[16,][1]  10.00000 222.94525 209.32773 159.87855 115.06971  42.59102[7]  18.70168 148.92360

The errors (Pearson error) look like that
Ep=residuals(reg,type="pearson")

(where the darker the blue, the smaller the residuals, and the darker the red, the higher the residuals). Obviously, we are missing something here, like a diagonal effect. But this is not the main problem here...
I guess that study here is not valid. The problem is that we deal with open data, and numbers of marriages are not given here: what is given is a he proportion of marriage of men of age during the year , with a yearly normalization. There is a constraint on lines, i.e. we observe
so that
This is mentioned in the title
It is still possible to consider a Poisson regression on the , but unfortunately, I do not think any interpretation is valid (unless demography did not change last century). For instance, the following sum
looks like that
apply(tYp,1,sum) [1] 919.948 838.762 846.301 816.552 943.559 930.280 857.871 896.113 [9] 905.086 948.087 895.862 853.738 826.003 816.192 813.974 927.437
i.e. if we look at the graph

But I do not think we can interpret that sum as the probability (if we divide by 1,000) that a man in that cohort gets married.... And more basically, I cannot do anything with that dataset...

So open data might be interesting. The problem is that most of the time, the data are somehow normalized (or aggregated). And then, it becomes difficult to use them...

So I will have to work further to be able to write something (mathematically valid) on marriage strategy before Valentine's day.... to be continued.

R-bloggers.com offers daily e-mail updates about R news and tutorials on topics such as: visualization (ggplot2, Boxplots, maps, animation), programming (RStudio, Sweave, LaTeX, SQL, Eclipse, git, hadoop, Web Scraping) statistics (regression, PCA, time series, trading) and more...