Le Monde puzzle [#815]

April 11, 2013
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(This article was first published on Xi'an's Og » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

The last puzzle was as follows:

Take a card stack with 32 cards and divide it into five non-empty piles. A move consists in doubling a pile size by taking card from a single and larger pile. Is it possible to recover the original stack by repeatedly using moves? Same question for 100 cards and five piles.

I first defined a recursive R function to check if this was obvious:

destock=function(stock){

vale=FALSE
if (max(stock)==32){ #success
vale=TRUE}else{
#empty piles must remain empty
i0=min((1:4)[stock[1:4]>0])

for (i in i0:4){
for (j in (i+1):5){
stuck=stock
stuck[i]=2*stock[i] #doubling
stuck[j]=stuck[j]-stock[i] #borrowing
stuck=sort(stuck)
vale=vale||destock(stuck)
if (vale) break()
}
if (vale) break()
}}
return(vale)
}


Then I launched the R code with random starting values:

stack=sample(1:5,27,rep=TRUE)
stock=rep(1,5)
for (i in 1:5) stock[i]=1+sum(stack==i)
stock=sort(stock)


obtaining either a solution or “infinite recursion” warnings. In the first case, getting a sequence like

> destock(stock)
[1]  5  5  7  7  8
[1]  0  7  7  8 10
[1]  0  0  8 10 14
[1]  0  0  2 14 16
[1]  0  0  4 12 16
[1]  0  0  8  8 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0  0 32
[1] TRUE


and, in the second, observing an infinite cycle like

> destock(stock)
[1]  3  4  7  8 10
[1]  1  6  7  8 10
[1]  2  5  7  8 10
[1]  3  4  7  8 10
[1]  1  6  7  8 10
[1]  2  5  7  8 10
[1]  3  4  7  8 10
[1]  1  6  7  8 10
Error: evaluation nested too deeply:
infinite recursion / options(expressions=)?


The above shows that there exist pile configurations that do not allow for this recursive algorithm to converge. I then thought of introducing randomness in the exploration of the tree as possibly avoiding infinite regress

    for (i in sample(i0:4)){


and, lo and behold!, it worked for every attempt:

> destock(stock)
[1]  3  4  7  8 10
[1]  3  3  8  8 10
[1]  0  6  8  8 10
[1]  0  2  8 10 12
[1]  0  2  2 12 16
[1]  0  2  2  4 24
[1]  0  2  2  4 24
[1]  0  0  4  4 24
[1]  0  0  4  8 20
[1]  0  0  4  8 20
[1]  0  0  4  8 20
[1]  0  0  4  8 20
[1]  0  0  4 12 16
[1]  0  0  8  8 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0 16 16
[1]  0  0  0  0 32
[1] TRUE


It is rather straightforward to prove that the scheme works for a size equal to a power of two like 32 while it cannot work for sizes different from a power of 2. Like 100.

Filed under: Books, Kids, R Tagged: infinite recursion, Le Monde, mathematical puzzle, R, recursive function