1 Introduction

When learning R, most people focus on functions, models, and visualizations. However, many real-world problems start much earlier — at the data import stage — and end much later — with exporting results.

If data is read incorrectly, no statistical method can save the analysis.

In this post, we focus on the logic of data import and export in R, using CSV and Excel files. Rather than memorizing functions, we build a mental model for how R interacts with files.

2 Why Data Import and Export Matters

Data analysis is a workflow:

Data source → Import → Analysis → Results → Export → Sharing

Errors often occur at the import stage:

• wrong delimiters,

• incorrect decimal separators,

• incorrect file paths,

• silently converted data types.

The result?
A model that runs perfectly — on the wrong data.

3 CSV vs Excel: Not a Competition

Before touching R, we should clarify the difference between file formats.

total_bill,tip,sex
16.99,1.01,Female

4 Working Directory: Where R Actually Looks

One of the most common beginner mistakes has nothing to do with R syntax.

R does not search your entire computer for files. It only looks inside its working directory.

getwd()

This command shows where R is currently looking.

If a file exists on your computer but not in this directory, R behaves as if the file does not exist.

This is why errors like:

cannot open the connection

usually indicate a path problem, not a coding problem.

5 The Example Dataset: tips

Throughout this post, we use a single dataset: tips.

• Restaurant tipping data

• Small and easy to understand

• Contains numeric and categorical variables

• Ideal for demonstrating import/export logic

Data source:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mwaskom/seaborn-data/master/tips.csv

6 Reading CSV Files: The Core Logic

When R reads a CSV file, it needs answers to four questions:

1. How are columns separated?

2. Is the first row a header?

3. What is the decimal separator?

4. How should text be interpreted?

These answers are provided via function arguments.

7 read.table(): The Foundation

All CSV-reading functions in base R are built on read.table().

tips <- read.table(
  file = "tips.csv",
  header = TRUE,
  sep = ",",
  dec = ".",
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

Understanding this function means understanding CSV import in R.

8 read.csv() and Its Assumptions

read.csv() is simply a shortcut for a common case:

• Columns separated by commas

• Decimal separator is a dot

tips <- read.csv("tips.csv")

This works perfectly — if the assumptions match the file.

The dangerous part? R may not throw an error even if the assumptions are wrong.

The most dangerous errors are silent ones.

9 read.csv2() and Regional Differences

In many European datasets:

• Columns are separated by semicolons

• Decimals use commas

total_bill;tip;sex
16,99;1,01;Female

For this structure, read.csv2() is designed.

tips2 <- read.csv2("tips_semicolon.csv")

Important nuance:
Even if decimals use dots, read.csv2() may still work in some cases — but this is not guaranteed.

Correct approach:

Always inspect the file structure before choosing the function.

10 Writing CSV Files from R

Data analysis rarely ends in R. Results are shared as files.

write.csv(tips, "tips_comma.csv", row.names = FALSE)

write.csv2(tips, "tips_semicolon.csv", row.names = FALSE)

11 Why We Still Need Excel

CSV is technically superior in many ways. Yet Excel remains dominant in practice.

Why?

• Multiple tables in one file

• Familiar interface for non-technical users

• Common reporting format

Excel is not an analysis tool — but it is a powerful delivery tool.

12 Working with Excel in R: openxlsx

The openxlsx package allows Excel operations without requiring Excel itself.

library(openxlsx)

write.xlsx(tips, "tips.xlsx", sheetName = "tips")

tips_excel <- read.xlsx("tips.xlsx", sheet = 1)

13 Multiple Sheets: A Mini Report

Excel shines when organizing related tables.

summary_tips <- aggregate(tip ~ day, data = tips, mean)

wb <- createWorkbook()

addWorksheet(wb, "Raw Data")
writeData(wb, "Raw Data", tips)

addWorksheet(wb, "Summary")
writeData(wb, "Summary", summary_tips)

saveWorkbook(wb, "tips_report.xlsx", overwrite = TRUE)

One file.

Multiple views.

Clean structure.

14 Common Mistakes to Watch For

Most errors are not caused by R, but by assumptions:

• Incorrect working directory

• Wrong delimiter (sep)

• Wrong decimal separator (dec)

• Reading the wrong Excel sheet

• Overwriting files unintentionally

A healthy habit after every import:

head(data)
str(data)
summary(data)

15 Final Thoughts

If you can:

• read data correctly,

• write data consciously,

• choose file formats intentionally,

you have already crossed one of the most important thresholds in data analysis.

For a complementary discussion, you may also find this article useful:
https://medium.com/p/e730f4a84b3b

Extended version on Medium:
https://medium.com/@Fatih.Tuzen/understanding-data-import-and-export-in-r-working-with-csv-and-excel-files-6322e61049b2