# Le Monde puzzle [#29]

July 28, 2011
By

(This article was first published on Xi'an's Og » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

This week, the puzzle from the weekend edition of Le Monde was easy to state: in the sequence (8+17n), is there a 6th power? a 7th? an 8th? If so, give the first occurrence. So I first wrote an R code for a function testing whether an integer is any power:

ispower=function(x){
ispo=FALSE
logx=log(x)
i=trunc(logx/log(2))
while((i>1)&&(!ispo)){
j=t=trunc(exp(logx/i))
while (t
(The function returns the highest possible power.) Then I ran the thing over the first million of values of the sequence:
fib=8
for (j in 1:10^6){
fib=fib+17
tes=ispower(fib)
if (tes$is) print(c(fib,tes$pow,log(fib)/log(tes$pow)))} only to find that only the powers 2,3,6,10,11,19 were present among the first terms. Then I started thinking rather than (merely and merrily) programming and realised that the terms of the sequence were all congruential to 8 modulo 17, hence that a power of 6, 7 or 8, also had to be congruencial to 8 if it was part of the sequence. Since $z^a\text{mod}\,17 = (z\text{mod}\,17)^a\text{mod}\,17\,,$$z^a\text{mod}\,17 = (z\text{mod}\,17)^a\text{mod}\,17\,,$ there is no solution in z if, for a given power a, all integers between 1 and 16 are not congruential to 8 modulo 17. Here is the check: > ((1:16)^6)%%17 [1] 1 13 15 16 2 8 9 4 4 9 8 2 16 15 13 1 > ((1:16)^7)%%17 [1] 1 9 11 13 10 14 12 15 2 5 3 7 4 6 8 16 > ((1:16)^8)%%17 [1] 1 1 16 1 16 16 16 1 1 16 16 16 1 16 1 1 so this eliminates the power 8 (as well as 4 and 12), but not the power 7… Now, the check for the power 7 tells us the value of z is congruencial to 15 modulo 17, hence that the term of the sequence is equal to 1517, 3217 or even more. This explains why I could not see any power equal to 7 in the first million trials. We are nonetheless lucky in that the first trial works: > 15^7 [1] 170859375 > (170859375-8)/17 [1] 10050551 > 8+10050551*17-170859375 [1] 0 > ispower(8+10050551*17)$is
[1] TRUE

$pow [1] 15 For the power 6, the value of z is congruencial to 6 modulo 17, hence the term of the sequence is equal to 66, 236 or even more. We again are lucky in that the first trial works: > ispower(8+2744*17)$is
[1] TRUE

\$pow
[1] 6

Filed under: R, Statistics Tagged: congruence, prime number, R

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Tags: congruence, prime number, R, statistics