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Sometimes it is necessary to standardize the data due to its distribution or simply because we need to have a fair comparison of a value (e.g, body weight) with a reference population (e.g., school, city, state, country). The calculation of z-score is simple, but less information we can find on the web for its purpose and mean.

In this post, I will explain what the z-score means, how it is calculated with an example, and how to create a new z-score variable in R. As usual, I will use the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

### What is Z-score

In short, the z-score is a measure that shows how much away (below or above) of the mean is a specific value (individual) in a given dataset. In the example below, I am going to measure the z value of body mass index (BMI) in a dataset from NHANES.

### Get the data and packages

library(tidyverse)
library(RNHANES)
select(SEQN, RIAGENDR) %>%
select(SEQN, RIAGENDR, BMXBMI) %>%
filter(RIAGENDR == "1", !is.na(BMXBMI)) %>%
transmute(SEQN, Gender = RIAGENDR, BMI = BMXBMI)
dat
SEQN Gender   BMI
1  41475      2 58.04
2  41476      2 15.18
3  41477      1 30.05
4  41479      1 27.56
5  41480      1 17.93
6  41481      1 23.34
7  41482      1 33.64
8  41483      1 44.06
9  41485      2 25.99
10 41486      2 31.21

### How to calculate the z-score for BMI

To calculate the z-score of BMI, we need to have the average of BMI, the standard deviation of BMI.

Mean of BMI:

mean(dat$BMI) ## [1] 25.70571  Standard deviation of BMI: sd(dat$BMI)
## [1] 7.608628


Suppose we want to calculate the z-score of the first and third participant in the dataset dat. The calculation will be: I take the actual BMI (58.04), substract the mean (25.70571), and divide the difference by the standard deviation (7.608628). The result is 4.249687. This indicate that z score is 4.249687 standard deviations above the average of population.

(58.04 - 25.70571)/7.608628 = 4.249687


### How to calculate the z-score in R

dat %>%
mutate(zscore = (BMI - mean(BMI))/sd(BMI))
SEQN Gender   BMI       zscore
1   41475      2 58.04  4.249687006
2   41476      2 15.18 -1.383391690
3   41477      1 30.05  0.570968558
4   41479      1 27.56  0.243708503
5   41480      1 17.93 -1.021959902
6   41481      1 23.34 -0.310925004
7   41482      1 33.64  1.042801328
8   41483      1 44.06  2.412299228
9   41485      2 25.99  0.037363810
10  41486      2 31.21  0.723427057


Now we see the z-score for each individual, and the values corresponded to what we calculated above.

If you calculate the mean and standard deviation of the zscore above, you will find that mean is 0, and standard deviation is 1.

Feel free to comment!

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