In Data Science, there are numerous instances where different techniques call for the use of different tools. For me, this means hopping between R and python on a weekly basis. I’ve been fortunate enough to have taken formal courses in python & R in the last few years and just by circumstances have chosen R as my primary language in my data science toolkit. This usually equates to a real mental struggle when jumping into a Jupyter Notebook and making trivial mistakes in the first 15 minutes, like below.

I don’t have any tricks yet, aside from a set of data analysis starter notebooks to quell the initial confusion, but I have noticed when I mentor other Data Scientists (those who have R skills and are now learning python or vice versa) and participate in pair-programming, I often drift to explaining the differences between R’s generic-function OO and python (and a many other languages) message-passing OO as a means of remembering how to structure functions. I’m only knowledgeable about explaining this differences from printing out and bookmarking Hadley Wickham’s OO Field Guide chapter in the Advanced R book! Don’t be worried by the title of being too ‘Advanced’, if you are interested in learning more about the why of certain things in R, it’s a great resource.

With the first few paragraphs of the field guide outlining some examples of the different systems, I wanted to dig in a bit further and learn more about the generic-function object-oriented system that I could use to explain to others and hopefully help me remember.

What is a generic function?

According to Wikipedia:

a generic function is a function defined for [polymorphism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science) which is the provision of a single interface to entities of different types.

Wow, that’s a mouthful but essentially meaning that the function decides which method to call on different types of classes. Imagine the generic function as a recipe for cookies and the common steps include mixing, baking, and cooling and some different methods for specific types! ? Ultimately the cookies you make are dictated by what type of ingredients you include.

Further Reading

• genericFunction-class {methods}
• Generic functions and methods
• Methods
• Developments in Class Inheritance and Method Selection
• History of S & R
• Tidbits from the Books that Defined S (and R)
• Chippity Chippers Recipe