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I recently posted a piece about how to write and document special functions in R. I meant that as a prelude for the topic I am writing about in this post. Let me start at the beginning. The other day Dirk Eddelbuettel tweeted about the new release of the data.table package (v1.9.8). There were new features announced for joins based on %inrange% and %between%. That got me thinking: it would be really cool to generalize this idea for different intervals, for example as x %[]% c(a, b).

## Motivation

We want to evaluate if values of x satisfy the condition x >= a & x <= b given that a <= b. Typing x %[]% c(a, b) instead of the previous expression is not much shorter (14 vs. 15 characters with counting spaces). But considering the a <= b condition as well, it becomes a saving (x >= min(a, b) & x <= mmax(a, b) is 31 characters long). And sorting is really important, because by flipping a and b, we get quite different answers:

x <- 5
x >= 1 & x <= 10
# [1] TRUE
x >= 10 & x <= 1
# [1] FALSE


Also, min and max will not be very useful when we want to vectorize the expression. We need to use pmin and pmax for obvious reasons:

x >= min(1:10, 10:1) & x <= max(10:1, 1:10)
# [1] TRUE
x >= pmin(1:10, 10:1) & x <= pmax(10:1, 1:10)
# [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE


If interval endpoints can also be open or closed, and allowing them to flip around makes the semantics of left/right closed/open interval definitions hard. We can thus all agree that there is a need for an expression, like x %[]% c(a, b), that is compact, flexible, and invariant to endpoint sorting. This is exactly what the intrval package is for!

## What’s in the package

Functions for evaluating if values of vectors are within different open/closed intervals (x %[]% c(a, b)), or if two closed intervals overlap (c(a1, b1) %[o]% c(a2, b2)). Operators for negation and directional relations also implemented.

### Value-to-interval relations

Values of x are compared to interval endpoints a and b (a <= b). Endpoints can be defined as a vector with two values (c(a, b)): these values will be compared as a single interval with each value in x. If endpoints are stored in a matrix-like object or a list, comparisons are made element-wise.

x <- rep(4, 5)
a <- 1:5
b <- 3:7
cbind(x=x, a=a, b=b)
x %[]% cbind(a, b) # matrix
x %[]% data.frame(a=a, b=b) # data.frame
x %[]% list(a, b) # list


If lengths do not match, shorter objects are recycled. Return values are logicals. Note: interval endpoints are sorted internally thus ensuring the condition a <= b is not necessary.

These value-to-interval operators work for numeric (integer, real) and ordered vectors, and object types which are measured at least on ordinal scale (e.g. dates).

#### Closed and open intervals

The following special operators are used to indicate closed ([, ]) or open ((, )) interval endpoints:

Operator Expression Condition
%[]% x %[]% c(a, b) x >= a & x <= b
%[)% x %[)% c(a, b) x >= a & x < b
%(]% x %(]% c(a, b) x > a & x <= b
%()% x %()% c(a, b) x > a & x < b

#### Negation and directional relations

Eqal Not equal Less than Greater than
%[]% %)(% %[<]% %[>]%
%[)% %)[% %[<)% %[>)%
%(]% %](% %(<]% %(>]%
%()% %][% %(<)% %(>)%

The helper function intrval_types can be used to print/plot the following summary:

### Interval-to-interval relations

The overlap of two closed intervals, [a1, b1] and [a2, b2], is evaluated by the %[o]% operator (a1 <= b1, a2 <= b2). Endpoints can be defined as a vector with two values (c(a1, b1))or can be stored in matrix-like objects or a lists in which case comparisons are made element-wise. Note: interval endpoints are sorted internally thus ensuring the conditions a1 <= b1 and a2 <= b2 is not necessary.

c(2:3) %[o]% c(0:1)
list(0:4, 1:5) %[o]% c(2:3)
cbind(0:4, 1:5) %[o]% c(2:3)
data.frame(a=0:4, b=1:5) %[o]% c(2:3)


If lengths do not match, shorter objects are recycled. These value-to-interval operators work for numeric (integer, real) and ordered vectors, and object types which are measured at least on ordinal scale (e.g. dates).

%)o(% is used for the negation, directional evaluation is done via the operators %[ and %[o>]%.

 Eqal Not equal Less than Greater than %[0]% %)0(% %[<0]% %[0>]% Operators for discrete variables The previous operators will return NA for unordered factors. Set overlap can be evaluated by the base %in% operator and its negation %nin%. (This feature is really redundant, I know, but decided to include regardless…) Install Install development version from GitHub (not yet on CRAN): library(devtools) install_github("psolymos/intrval") The package is licensed under GPL-2. Examples library(intrval) ## bounding box set.seed(1) n <- 10^4 x <- runif(n, -2, 2) y <- runif(n, -2, 2) d <- sqrt(x^2 + y^2) iv1 <- x %[]% c(-0.25, 0.25) & y %[]% c(-1.5, 1.5) iv2 <- x %[]% c(-1.5, 1.5) & y %[]% c(-0.25, 0.25) iv3 <- d %()% c(1, 1.5) plot(x, y, pch = 19, cex = 0.25, col = iv1 + iv2 + 1, main = "Intersecting bounding boxes") plot(x, y, pch = 19, cex = 0.25, col = iv3 + 1, main = "Deck the halls:\ndistance range from center") ## time series filtering x <- seq(0, 4*24*60*60, 60*60) dt <- as.POSIXct(x, origin="2000-01-01 00:00:00") f <- as.POSIXlt(dt)$hour %[]% c(0, 11) plot(sin(x) ~ dt, type="l", col="grey", main = "Filtering date/time objects") points(sin(x) ~ dt, pch = 19, col = f + 1) ## QCC library(qcc) data(pistonrings) mu <- mean(pistonrings$diameter[pistonrings$trial]) SD <- sd(pistonrings$diameter[pistonrings$trial]) x <- pistonrings$diameter[!pistonrings$trial] iv <- mu + 3 * c(-SD, SD) plot(x, pch = 19, col = x %)(% iv +1, type = "b", ylim = mu + 5 * c(-SD, SD), main = "Shewhart quality control chart\ndiameter of piston rings") abline(h = mu) abline(h = iv, lty = 2) ## Annette Dobson (1990) "An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models". ## Page 9: Plant Weight Data. ctl <- c(4.17,5.58,5.18,6.11,4.50,4.61,5.17,4.53,5.33,5.14) trt <- c(4.81,4.17,4.41,3.59,5.87,3.83,6.03,4.89,4.32,4.69) group <- gl(2, 10, 20, labels = c("Ctl","Trt")) weight <- c(ctl, trt) lm.D9 <- lm(weight ~ group) ## compare 95% confidence intervals with 0 (CI.D9 <- confint(lm.D9)) # 2.5 % 97.5 % # (Intercept) 4.56934 5.4946602 # groupTrt -1.02530 0.2833003 0 %[]% CI.D9 # (Intercept) groupTrt # FALSE TRUE lm.D90 <- lm(weight ~ group - 1) # omitting intercept ## compare 95% confidence of the 2 groups to each other (CI.D90 <- confint(lm.D90)) # 2.5 % 97.5 % # groupCtl 4.56934 5.49466 # groupTrt 4.19834 5.12366 CI.D90[1,] %[o]% CI.D90[2,] # 2.5 % # TRUE DATE <- as.Date(c("2000-01-01","2000-02-01", "2000-03-31")) DATE %[<]% as.Date(c("2000-01-151", "2000-03-15")) # [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE DATE %[]% as.Date(c("2000-01-151", "2000-03-15")) # [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE DATE %[>]% as.Date(c("2000-01-151", "2000-03-15")) # [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE For more examples, see the unit-testing script. 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I meant that as a prelude for the topic I am writing about in this post. Let me start at the beginning. The other day Dirk Eddelbuettel tweeted about the new release of the data.table package (v1.9.8).\nThere were new features announced for joins based on %inrange% and %between%. That got me thinking: it would be really cool to generalize this idea for different intervals, for example as x %% c(a, b).","primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#primaryimage"},"mainContentOfPage":[[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"Home","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"About","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/about\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"RSS","url":"https:\/\/feeds.feedburner.com\/RBloggers"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"add your blog!","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/add-your-blog\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"Learn R","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/how-to-learn-r-2\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"R jobs","url":"https:\/\/www.r-users.com\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"Submit a new job (it's free)","url":"https:\/\/www.r-users.com\/submit-job\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"Browse latest jobs (also free)","url":"https:\/\/www.r-users.com\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/#top nav","name":"Contact us","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/contact-us\/"}]],"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#breadcrumb"}},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com","name":"R-bloggers"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/category\/r-bloggers\/","name":"R bloggers"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/","name":"Relational operators for intervals with the intrval R package"}}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#article","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/","inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#webpage","headline":"Relational operators for intervals with the intrval R package","description":"I recently posted a piece about how to write and document special functions in R. I meant that as a prelude for the topic I am writing about in this post. Let me start at the beginning. The other day Dirk Eddelbuettel tweeted about the new release of the data.table package (v1.9.8).\nThere were new features announced for joins based on %inrange% and %between%. That got me thinking: it would be really cool to generalize this idea for different intervals, for example as x %% c(a, b).","articleBody":"I recently posted a piece about how to write and document special functions in R. I meant that as a prelude for the topic I am writing about in this post. Let me start at the beginning. The other day Dirk Eddelbuettel tweeted about the new release of the data.table package (v1.9.8). There were new features announced for joins based on %inrange% and %between%. That got me thinking: it would be really cool to generalize this idea for different intervals, for example as x %% c(a, b). Motivation We want to evaluate if values of x satisfy the condition x &gt; a &amp; x &lt; b given that a &lt; b. Typing x %% c(a, b) instead of the previous expression is not much shorter (14 vs. 15 characters with counting spaces). But considering the a &lt; b condition as well, it becomes a saving (x &gt; min(a, b) &amp; x &lt; mmax(a, b) is 31 characters long). And sorting is really important, because by flipping a and b, we get quite different answers: x &lt;- 5 x &gt; 1 &amp; x &lt; 10 # TRUE x &gt; 10 &amp; x &lt; 1 # FALSE Also, min and max will not be very useful when we want to vectorize the expression. We need to use pmin and pmax for obvious reasons: x &gt; min(1:10, 10:1) &amp; x &lt; max(10:1, 1:10) # TRUE x &gt; pmin(1:10, 10:1) &amp; x &lt; pmax(10:1, 1:10) # TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE If interval endpoints can also be open or closed, and allowing them to flip around makes the semantics of left\/right closed\/open interval definitions hard. We can thus all agree that there is a need for an expression, like x %% c(a, b), that is compact, flexible, and invariant to endpoint sorting. This is exactly what the intrval package is for! What\u2019s in the package Functions for evaluating if values of vectors are within different open\/closed intervals (x %% c(a, b)), or if two closed intervals overlap (c(a1, b1) %% c(a2, b2)). Operators for negation and directional relations also implemented. Value-to-interval relations Values of x are compared to interval endpoints a and b (a &lt; b). Endpoints can be defined as a vector with two values (c(a, b)): these values will be compared as a single interval with each value in x. If endpoints are stored in a matrix-like object or a list, comparisons are made element-wise. x &lt;- rep(4, 5) a &lt;- 1:5 b &lt;- 3:7 cbind(xx, aa, bb) x %% cbind(a, b) # matrix x %% data.frame(aa, bb) # data.frame x %% list(a, b) # list If lengths do not match, shorter objects are recycled. Return values are logicals. Note: interval endpoints are sorted internally thus ensuring the condition a &lt; b is not necessary. These value-to-interval operators work for numeric (integer, real) and ordered vectors, and object types which are measured at least on ordinal scale (e.g. dates). Closed and open intervals The following special operators are used to indicate closed () or open ((, )) interval endpoints: Operator Expression Condition %% x %% c(a, b) x &gt; a &amp; x &lt; b %[)% x %[)% c(a, b) x &gt; a &amp; x &lt; b %(]% x %(]% c(a, b) x &gt; a &amp; x &lt; b %()% x %()% c(a, b) x &gt; a &amp; x &lt; b Negation and directional relations Eqal Not equal Less than Greater than %% %)(% %% %% %[)% %)[% %[&lt;)% %[&gt;)% %(]% %](% %(&lt;]% %(&gt;]% %()% %][% %(&lt;)% %(&gt;)% The helper function intrval_types can be used to print\/plot the following summary: Interval-to-interval relations The overlap of two closed intervals, and , is evaluated by the %% operator (a1 &lt; b1, a2 &lt; b2). Endpoints can be defined as a vector with two values (c(a1, b1))or can be stored in matrix-like objects or a lists in which case comparisons are made element-wise. Note: interval endpoints are sorted internally thus ensuring the conditions a1 &lt; b1 and a2 &lt; b2 is not necessary. c(2:3) %% c(0:1) list(0:4, 1:5) %% c(2:3) cbind(0:4, 1:5) %% c(2:3) data.frame(a0:4, b1:5) %% c(2:3) If lengths do not match, shorter objects are recycled. These value-to-interval operators work for numeric (integer, real) and ordered vectors, and object types which are measured at least on ordinal scale (e.g. dates). %)o(% is used for the negation, directional evaluation is done via the operators %% and %%. Eqal Not equal Less than Greater than %% %)0(% %% %% Operators for discrete variables The previous operators will return NA for unordered factors. Set overlap can be evaluated by the base %in% operator and its negation %nin%. (This feature is really redundant, I know, but decided to include regardless\u2026) Install Install development version from GitHub (not yet on CRAN): library(devtools) install_github(\"psolymos\/intrval\") The package is licensed under GPL-2. Examples library(intrval) ## bounding box set.seed(1) n &lt;- 10^4 x &lt;- runif(n, -2, 2) y &lt;- runif(n, -2, 2) d &lt;- sqrt(x^2 + y^2) iv1 &lt;- x %% c(-0.25, 0.25) &amp; y %% c(-1.5, 1.5) iv2 &lt;- x %% c(-1.5, 1.5) &amp; y %% c(-0.25, 0.25) iv3 &lt;- d %()% c(1, 1.5) plot(x, y, pch 19, cex 0.25, col iv1 + iv2 + 1, main \"Intersecting bounding boxes\") plot(x, y, pch 19, cex 0.25, col iv3 + 1, main \"Deck the halls:\\ndistance range from center\") ## time series filtering x &lt;- seq(0, 4*24*60*60, 60*60) dt &lt;- as.POSIXct(x, origin\"2000-01-01 00:00:00\") f &lt;- as.POSIXlt(dt)$hour %% c(0, 11) plot(sin(x) ~ dt, type\"l\", col\"grey\", main \"Filtering date\/time objects\") points(sin(x) ~ dt, pch 19, col f + 1) ## QCC library(qcc) data(pistonrings) mu &lt;- mean(pistonrings$diameter) SD &lt;- sd(pistonrings$diameter) x &lt;- pistonrings$diameter iv &lt;- mu + 3 * c(-SD, SD) plot(x, pch 19, col x %)(% iv +1, type \"b\", ylim mu + 5 * c(-SD, SD), main \"Shewhart quality control chart\\ndiameter of piston rings\") abline(h mu) abline(h iv, lty 2) ## Annette Dobson (1990) \"An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models\". ## Page 9: Plant Weight Data. ctl &lt;- c(4.17,5.58,5.18,6.11,4.50,4.61,5.17,4.53,5.33,5.14) trt &lt;- c(4.81,4.17,4.41,3.59,5.87,3.83,6.03,4.89,4.32,4.69) group &lt;- gl(2, 10, 20, labels c(\"Ctl\",\"Trt\")) weight &lt;- c(ctl, trt) lm.D9 &lt;- lm(weight ~ group) ## compare 95% confidence intervals with 0 (CI.D9 &lt;- confint(lm.D9)) # 2.5 % 97.5 % # (Intercept) 4.56934 5.4946602 # groupTrt -1.02530 0.2833003 0 %% CI.D9 # (Intercept) groupTrt # FALSE TRUE lm.D90 &lt;- lm(weight ~ group - 1) # omitting intercept ## compare 95% confidence of the 2 groups to each other (CI.D90 &lt;- confint(lm.D90)) # 2.5 % 97.5 % # groupCtl 4.56934 5.49466 # groupTrt 4.19834 5.12366 CI.D90 %% CI.D90 # 2.5 % # TRUE DATE &lt;- as.Date(c(\"2000-01-01\",\"2000-02-01\", \"2000-03-31\")) DATE %% as.Date(c(\"2000-01-151\", \"2000-03-15\")) # TRUE FALSE FALSE DATE %% as.Date(c(\"2000-01-151\", \"2000-03-15\")) # FALSE TRUE FALSE DATE %% as.Date(c(\"2000-01-151\", \"2000-03-15\")) # FALSE FALSE TRUE For more examples, see the unit-testing script. Feedback Please check out the package and use the issue tracker to suggest a new feature or report a problem.","keywords":"","datePublished":"2016-12-02T01:00:00-06:00","dateModified":"2016-12-02T01:00:00-06:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Peter Solymos","description":"","url":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/author\/peter-solymos\/","sameAs":["http:\/\/peter.solymos.org"],"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c4dc7254130e53333d88698a75112bc5?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com#Organization"},"image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/github.com\/psolymos\/intrval\/raw\/master\/extras\/intrval.png","width":800,"height":400,"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#primaryimage"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/github.com\/psolymos\/intrval\/raw\/master\/extras\/examples.png","width":821,"height":802}],"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/2016\/12\/relational-operators-for-intervals-with-the-intrval-r-package\/#webpage"}}]}] var snp_f = []; var snp_hostname = new RegExp(location.host); var snp_http = new RegExp("^(http|https)://", "i"); var snp_cookie_prefix = ''; var snp_separate_cookies = false; var snp_ajax_url = 'https://www.r-bloggers.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'; var snp_ajax_nonce = '9bed1c0167'; var snp_ignore_cookies = false; var snp_enable_analytics_events = false; var snp_enable_mobile = false; var snp_use_in_all = false; var snp_excluded_urls = []; snp_excluded_urls.push(''); Never miss an update! 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