This post is from my new book Forecasting: principles and practice, available freely online at OTexts.com/fpp/. A non-seasonal ARIMA model can be written as (1) or equivalently as (2) where is the backshift operator, and is the mean of . R uses the parametrization of equation (2). Thus, the inclusion of a constant in a non-stationary ARIMA...







Zero Inflated Models and Generalized Linear Mixed Models with R.
Zuur, Saveliev, Ieno (2012).