# Can we predict stock prices with Prophet?

March 5, 2017
By

(This article was first published on R and Finance, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)

forecasting model called
prophet.
According to the underling post:

It's not your traditional ARIMA-style time series model. It's closer in spirit to a  Bayesian-influenced generalized additive model, a regression of smooth terms. The model is resistant   to the effects of outliers, and supports data collected over an irregular time scale (ingliding presence of missing data) without the need for interpolation. The underlying calculation engine is Stan; the R and Python packages simply provide a convenient interface.


of this method for stock prices. That is, can we predict stock price
movements based on prophet?
In this post I will investigate this
research question using a database of prices for the SP500 components.

Before describing the code and results, it is noteworthy to point out
that forecasting stock returns is really hard! There is a significant
body of literature trying to forecast prices and to prove (or not) that
financial markets are efficient in pricing publicly available
information, including historical prices. This is the so called
efficient market hypothesis. I have studied it, tried to trade for
myself for a while when I was a Msc student, advised several graduate
students on it, and the results are mostly the same: it is very
difficult to find a trade signal that works well and is sustainable in
real life.

This means that most of the variation in prices is due to random factors
that cannot be anticipated. The explanation is simple, prices move
according to investor’s expectation from available information. Every
time that new (random) information, true or not, reaches the market,
investor’s update their beliefs and trade accordingly. So, unless, new
information or market expectation have a particular pattern, price
changes will be mostly random.

Even with a body of evidence against our research, it is still
interesting to see how we could apply prophet in a trading setup.

## The data

First, let’s download stock prices for all components of the SP500 index
in the previous two years. This is a lengthy download. If you don’t have
the patience or time, I saved the the result in RData file available
here.

library(BatchGetSymbols)

my.stocks <- GetSP500Stocks()$ticker first.date <- as.Date('2015-01-01') last.date <- Sys.Date() df.stocks <- BatchGetSymbols(my.stocks, first.date = first.date, last.date = last.date)[[2]] ## ## Attaching package: 'dplyr' ## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats': ## ## filter, lag ## The following objects are masked from 'package:base': ## ## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union  In order to make the code run faster, I will select only 25 random stocks from the sample: set.seed(10) n.stocks <- 25 my.stocks <- sample(unique(df.stocks$ticker), n.stocks)

df.stocks <- df.stocks[df.stocks$ticker %in% my.stocks, ]  Now, let’s understand how prophet works. I was happy to see that the interface is quite simple, you offer a time series with input y and a date vector with ds. If no further custom option is set, you are good to go. My only complain with prophet is that that the function outputs lots of messages. They really should add a quiet option, so that the user doesn’t have to use capture.output to silent it. Have a look in the next example with a dummy series: library(prophet) ## Loading required package: Rcpp df.est <- data.frame(y = rnorm(100), ds = Sys.Date() + 1:100) m <- prophet(df = df.est) ## STAN OPTIMIZATION COMMAND (LBFGS) ## init = user ## save_iterations = 1 ## init_alpha = 0.001 ## tol_obj = 1e-012 ## tol_grad = 1e-008 ## tol_param = 1e-008 ## tol_rel_obj = 10000 ## tol_rel_grad = 1e+007 ## history_size = 5 ## seed = 492642109 ## initial log joint probability = -8.50656 ## Optimization terminated normally: ## Convergence detected: absolute parameter change was below tolerance  The next step is to think about how to structure a function for our research problem. Our study has two steps, first we will set a training (in-sample) period, estimate the model and make forecasts. After that, we use the out-of-sample data to test the accuracy of the model. The whole procedure of estimating and forecasting will be encapsulated in a single R function. This is not the best way of doing it but, for our simple example, it will suffice. My function will take as input a dataframe and the number of out-of-sample forecasts. Based on the adjusted closing prices, we calculate returns and feed 1:(nrow(df)-nfor) rows for the estimation. The last nfor rows are used for testing the accuracy of the model. For example, if I have a vector with 1000 returns and nfor=5, I use observations from 1:995 for estimating the model and 996:1000 for testing the forecasts. The function returns a dataframe with the predictions for each horizon, its error, among other things. Here’s the function definition: est.model.and.forecast <- function(df.in, nfor=5){ # Estimated model using prophet and forecast it # # Args: # df.in - A dataframe with columns price.adjusted and ref.date # nfor - Number of out-of-sample forecasts # # Returns: # A dataframe with forecasts and errors for each horizon. require(prophet) require(dplyr) my.ticker <- df.in$ticker[1]

#cat('\nProcessing ', my.ticker)

n.row <- nrow(df.in)
df.in$ret <- with(df.in, c(NA,price.adjusted[2:n.row]/price.adjusted[1:(n.row - 1)] - 1)) df.in <- select(df.in, ref.date, ret) names(df.in) <- c('ds', 'y') idx <- nrow(df.in) - nfor df.est <- df.in[1:idx, ] df.for <- df.in[(idx + 1):nrow(df.in), ] capture.output( m <- prophet(df = df.est) ) # forecast 50 days ahead (it also includes non trading days) df.pred <- predict(m, make_future_dataframe(m, periods = nfor + 50)) df.for <- merge(df.for, df.pred, by = 'ds') df.for <- select(df.for, ds, y, yhat) # forecast statistics df.for$eps <- with(df.for,y - yhat)
df.for$abs.eps <- with(df.for,abs(y - yhat)) df.for$perc.eps <- with(df.for,(y - yhat)/y)
df.for$nfor <- 1:nrow(df.for) df.for$ticker <- my.ticker

return(df.for)

}


Let’s try it out using the by function to apply it for each stock in
our sample. All results are later combined in a single dataframe with
function do.call.

out.l <- by(data = df.stocks,
INDICES = df.stocks$ticker, FUN = est.model.and.forecast, nfor = 5) my.result <- do.call(rbind, out.l)  Lets have a look in the resulting dataframe: head(my.result) ## ds y yhat eps abs.eps ## AN.1 2017-02-27 0.004697779 1.073144e-03 0.0036246355 0.0036246355 ## AN.2 2017-02-28 -0.024442020 -7.927652e-04 -0.0236492544 0.0236492544 ## AN.3 2017-03-01 0.015468387 2.439663e-03 0.0130287240 0.0130287240 ## AN.4 2017-03-02 -0.003647329 6.270727e-05 -0.0037100361 0.0037100361 ## AN.5 2017-03-03 -0.013350539 -6.233167e-04 -0.0127272219 0.0127272219 ## ANTM.1 2017-02-27 0.006592211 6.073838e-03 0.0005183736 0.0005183736 ## perc.eps nfor ticker ## AN.1 0.77156364 1 AN ## AN.2 0.96756548 2 AN ## AN.3 0.84228070 3 AN ## AN.4 1.01719266 4 AN ## AN.5 0.95331149 5 AN ## ANTM.1 0.07863425 1 ANTM  In this object you’ll find the forecasts (yhat), the actual values (y), the absolute and normalized error (abs.eps, perc.eps). For ou first analysis, let’s have a look on the effect of the forecasting horizon over the absolute error distribution. library(ggplot2) p <- ggplot(my.result, aes(x=factor(nfor), y=abs.eps)) p <- p + geom_boxplot() print(p)  We do find some positive dependency. As the horizon increases, the forecasting algorithm makes more mistakes. Surprisingly, this pattern is not found for nfor=5. It might be interesting to add more data and check if this effect is robust. ## Encopassing test A simple and powerful test for verifying the accuracy of a prediction algorithm is the encompassing test. The idea is to estimate the following linear model with the real returns (Rt) and its predictions ($\hat{R} _t$). If the model provides good forecasts, we can expect that α is equal to zero (no bias) and β is equal to 1. If both conditions are true, we have that$R_t = \hat{R} _t + \epsilon _t, meaning that our
forecasting model provides an unbiased estimator of the predicted
variable. In a formal research, we could use a Wald test to verify this
hypothesis jointly.

First, lets find the result of the encompassing test for all forecasts.

lm.model <- lm(formula = y ~yhat, data = my.result)
summary(lm.model)

##
## Call:
## lm(formula = y ~ yhat, data = my.result)
##
## Residuals:
##       Min        1Q    Median        3Q       Max
## -0.041310 -0.005200 -0.000846  0.006056  0.035647
##
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.002240   0.001289  -1.738  0.08479 .
## yhat         0.822045   0.254414   3.231  0.00158 **
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.01133 on 123 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.07824,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.07074
## F-statistic: 10.44 on 1 and 123 DF,  p-value: 0.001582


As you can see, it didn’t work very well. While the constant seems Ok,
the value of 0.8220446 is not even close to 1. But, it could be the case
that the different horizon have different results. A longer horizon,
with bad forecasts, will be affecting short horizons with good
forecasts. Lets use dplyr to separate our model according to nfor.

models <- my.result %>%
group_by(nfor) %>%
do(ols.model = lm(data = ., formula = y ~ yhat ))


We report the results with broom::tidy.

library(broom)
knitr::kable(models %>% tidy(ols.model))

nfor term estimate std.error statistic p.value
1 (Intercept) 0.0024381 0.0017693 1.3779940 0.1814651
1 yhat -0.3374193 0.4488191 -0.7517936 0.4597999
2 (Intercept) -0.0071114 0.0022989 -3.0933634 0.0051276
2 yhat 1.2326600 0.4826284 2.5540562 0.0177381
3 (Intercept) 0.0074791 0.0026961 2.7740540 0.0107937
3 yhat 1.1998427 0.4618100 2.5981305 0.0160770
4 (Intercept) -0.0079042 0.0017917 -4.4114616 0.0002019
4 yhat 0.3345002 0.3219130 1.0391012 0.3095587
5 (Intercept) -0.0041302 0.0030427 -1.3574059 0.1878234
5 yhat 0.7356029 0.6071194 1.2116281 0.2379564

Well, it again didn’t work as expected. We do not find that shorter
horizons have better results in the encompassing test. In fact, we even
get some negative betas! This means that, for some horizons, it might be
better to take the opposite suggestion of the forecast!

In a practical trading applications, it might not be of interest to
forecast actual returns. If you are trading according to these
forecasts, you are probably more worried about the direction of the
forecasts and not its nominal error. A model can have bad nominal
forecasts, but be good in predicting the sign of the next price
movement. If this is the case, you can still make money even though your
model fails in the encompassing test.

Let’s try it out with a simple trading strategy for all different
horizons:

• buy in end of day t if forecast in t+1 is positive and sell at
the end of t+1
• short-sell in the end of day t when forecast for t+1 is negative
and buy it back in the end of t+1

The total profit will be given by:

my.profit <- sum(with(my.result, (yhat>0)*y + (yhat<0)*-y))
print(my.profit)

## [1] 0.07947572


Not bad! Doesn’t look like much, but remember that we have a few trading
days and this return might be due to a sistematic effect in the market.
Let’s see how this result compares to random trading signals.

n.sim <- 10000

monkey.ret <- numeric(length = n.sim)
for (i in seq(n.sim)) {
rnd.vec <- rnorm(length(my.result$y)) monkey.ret[i] <- sum( (rnd.vec>0)*my.result$y + (rnd.vec<0)*-my.result\$y )

}

temp.df <- data.frame(monkey.ret, my.profit)
p <- ggplot(temp.df, aes(monkey.ret))
p <- p + geom_histogram()
p <- p + geom_vline(aes(xintercept =  my.profit),size=2)
p <- p + labs(x='Returns from random trading signals')
print(p)

## stat_bin() using bins = 30. Pick better value with binwidth.


The previous histogram shows the total return from randomnly generated
signals in 10^{4} simulations. The vertical line is the result from
using prophet. As you can see, it is a bit higher than the average of
the distribution. The total return from prophet is lower than the
return of the naive strategy in 27.5 percent of the simulations. This is
costs to the analysis, which will make the total returns worse.

The main results of this simple study are clear: prophet is bad at
point forecasts for returns but does quite better in directional
predictions
. It might be interesting to test it further, with more
results hold.

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